Entity Framework

In the context of CQL (Crystal Query Language), Entity Framework (EF) serves as a useful comparison to help developers understand how CQL and its features (like migrations, schema management, and object-relational mapping) work. Just as EF simplifies database interactions in .NET applications, CQL does the same for Crystal applications. Let’s break down the key concepts and approaches of EF and see how they align with CQL’s functionalities.

1. Development Patterns

In Entity Framework, developers have three approaches to database design: Database-First, Code-First, and Model-First. CQL shares some similarities, especially with the Code-First and Database-First approaches, but with Crystal-specific tooling.

CQL's Schema-First Approach (Similar to Code-First)

CQL primarily uses a Schema-First approach, where you define your database schema using Crystal code and CQL builds and manages the database based on this schema. This is similar to EF’s Code-First approach, where the developer defines the entity classes and EF generates the database schema.

Example in CQL:

schema = Cql::Schema.build(:my_db, adapter: Cql::Adapter::SQLite, uri: "sqlite3://db.sqlite3") do |s|
  table :users do
    primary :id, Int32
    column :name, String
    column :age, Int32
  end
end
schema.init

This code defines the users table and its columns (id, name, and age), which CQL will use to generate the corresponding database structure.

2. Core Concepts in CQL (Similar to EF Concepts)

Schema and Tables (Equivalent to EF’s DbContext and DbSet)

In EF, a DbContext is used to manage the entities (mapped to database tables), and each DbSet represents a collection of entities (mapped to individual tables). Similarly, in CQL:

• Cql::Schema manages the structure of your database.

• Tables are defined within the schema using table blocks.

Example:

schema = Cql::Schema.build(:my_db, adapter: Cql::Adapter::SQLite, uri: "sqlite3://db.sqlite3") do |s|
  table :products do
    primary :id, Int32
    column :name, String
    column :price, Float64
  end
end

This is similar to defining DbSet<Product> in EF, which represents the products table.

Migrations (Similar to EF Migrations)

In CQL, migrations are a key feature, similar to EF’s migrations, for managing database schema changes over time. Migrations allow you to evolve your schema, apply changes, roll them back, and maintain a history of modifications.

Example migration in CQL:

class CreateUsersTable < Cql::Migration
  self.version = 1_i64

  def up
    schema.alter :users do
      add_column :name, String
      add_column :age, Int32
    end
  end

  def down
    schema.alter :users do
      drop_column :name
      drop_column :age
    end
  end
end

In EF, migrations are handled using commands like Add-Migration and Update-Database. In CQL, migrations are applied and managed using the Cql::Migrator class, which provides methods for applying, rolling back, and listing migrations.

Applying migrations in CQL:

migrator = Cql::Migrator.new(schema)
migrator.up  # Apply all pending migrations

This is similar to EF’s Update-Database command, which applies migrations to the database.

Entities and Relationships (Similar to EF Entities and Navigation Properties)

In CQL, database tables and columns are defined as part of the schema, and relationships like foreign keys can be established. This is comparable to how entities and relationships between them are managed in EF.

Example in CQL (adding a foreign key):

schema = Cql::Schema.build(:my_db, adapter: Cql::Adapter::SQLite, uri: "sqlite3://db.sqlite3") do |s|
  table :orders do
    primary :id, Int32
    bigint :user_id
    text :order_date
    foreign_key :user_id, :users, :id, on_delete: "CASCADE"
  end
end

This defines an orders table with a foreign key relationship to the users table, similar to how EF handles one-to-many or many-to-many relationships.

3. Life Cycle of Migrations and Schema Changes

CQL’s migration life cycle aligns closely with EF’s migrations system. In both cases, you:

1. Define migrations to introduce schema changes.

2. Apply migrations to update the database schema.

3. Rollback or redo migrations if needed to manage schema changes.

Example Migration Workflow in CQL:

migrator.up   # Apply pending migrations
migrator.down # Rollback the last migration
migrator.redo # Rollback and reapply the last migration

In EF, you would use commands like Update-Database, Remove-Migration, and Add-Migration to manage these operations.

4. Querying the Database (CQL vs. EF’s LINQ to Entities)

In EF, developers use LINQ to query entities and interact with the database. CQL also allows querying the database but through SQL-like syntax, aligning with Crystal’s programming style.

Example query in CQL:

AcmeDB
  .query
  .from(:products)
  .select(:name, :price)
  .where(name: "Laptop")
  .all(Product)

This retrieves all products where the name is "Laptop", similar to how LINQ queries work in EF:

var laptops = dbContext.Products.Where(p => p.Name == "Laptop").ToList();

Both frameworks provide abstractions that avoid writing raw SQL, but CQL maintains a more SQL-like approach in its query building.

5. Advantages of Using CQL for Crystal Developers

• Productivity: Like EF, CQL reduces the need for writing raw SQL by allowing developers to work with objects (schemas, tables, columns).

• Schema Management: CQL migrations simplify managing database changes, ensuring your schema evolves without breaking changes.

• Consistency: CQL’s Schema-First approach ensures the database schema is in sync with your application’s Crystal code, similar to EF’s Code-First approach.

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Conclusion

CQL provides similar ORM-like features for Crystal that Entity Framework does for .NET. Whether using migrations, schema definitions, or querying data, both CQL and EF streamline database interactions, making it easier to manage complex applications. By understanding the core parallels between these two systems, Crystal developers can better leverage CQL’s powerful schema management and migration tools to build scalable and maintainable database-driven applications.